{"id":723,"date":"2019-03-08T06:00:45","date_gmt":"2019-03-08T06:00:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mojemedunka.cz\/?p=723"},"modified":"2019-03-24T20:50:25","modified_gmt":"2019-03-24T20:50:25","slug":"z-breznove-medunky","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mojemedunka.cz\/index.php\/2019\/03\/08\/z-breznove-medunky\/","title":{"rendered":"Z b\u0159eznov\u00e9 Medu\u0148ky:"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>T\u00e9ma b\u0159eznov\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edsla je v\u011bnov\u00e1no IMUNIT\u011a<\/strong>, kter\u00e1 je skute\u010dn\u011b z\u00e1kladem zdrav\u00ed. Nab\u00edz\u00edme uk\u00e1zku z \u010dl\u00e1nku na\u0161\u00ed autorky, badatelky a publicistky <strong>Prof. RNDr. Anny Struneck\u00e9, DrSc.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>P\u0159irozen\u00e1 ochrana<br \/>\n<\/strong><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-635 alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/www.mojemedunka.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/medunka32019-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mojemedunka.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/medunka32019-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.mojemedunka.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/medunka32019-75x75.jpg 75w, https:\/\/www.mojemedunka.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/medunka32019-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.mojemedunka.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/medunka32019.jpg 399w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><strong>Ve sv\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku se pokus\u00edm o stru\u010dn\u00e9 vysv\u011btlen\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edch pojm\u016f a proces\u016f, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eitou roli p\u0159i fungov\u00e1n\u00ed imunity a zp\u016fsob\u016f, jak m\u016f\u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk o svoji imunitu pe\u010dova<\/strong>t.Oblast imunologie prod\u011blala za posledn\u00edch 40 let takov\u00fd rozvoj, jak\u00fd m\u016f\u017eeme porovnat snad jen s rozvojem modern\u00ed v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed technologie. Kdy\u017e jsem na po\u010d\u00e1tku 80. let minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed jako vedouc\u00ed katedry fyziologie a v\u00fdvojov\u00e9 biologie na p\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdeck\u00e9 fakult\u011b UK zav\u00e1d\u011bla v\u00fduku imunologie, odborn\u00edci u\u010dili na\u0161e studenty p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm mechanismy, kde a jak lidsk\u00e9 t\u011blo vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed protil\u00e1tky k\u00a0obran\u011b proti antigen\u016fm. V praxi se t\u011bmito antigeny mysl\u00ed zejm\u00e9na bu\u0148ky patogenn\u00edch organism\u016f, bakterie, viry \u010di t\u0159eba n\u00e1dorov\u00e9 bu\u0148ky. Imunita spou\u0161t\u00ed imunitn\u00ed odpov\u011b\u010f a vyzna\u010duje se j\u00ed nejen \u010dlov\u011bk, ale do jist\u00e9 m\u00edry i ostatn\u00ed \u017eivo\u010dichov\u00e9. U \u010dlov\u011bka je v\u0161ak nejrozvinut\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a zaji\u0161\u0165uje ji tzv.\u00a0imunitn\u00ed syst\u00e9m.<br \/>\nPochopen\u00ed mechanism\u016f tvorby protil\u00e1tek je pro laika srovnateln\u00e9 s pochopen\u00edm princip\u016f programov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se n\u00e1s odborn\u00edci sna\u017eili nau\u010dit proto, abychom dok\u00e1zali pou\u017e\u00edvat po\u010d\u00edta\u010de. Pro na\u0161e pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f a ve\u0161ker\u00e9 informa\u010dn\u00ed technologie v ka\u017edodenn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b nemus\u00edme v\u0161ak um\u011bt programovat. Proto ani b\u011b\u017en\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk nemus\u00ed zn\u00e1t slo\u017eit\u00e9 mechanismy, jak\u00fdmi bu\u0148ky na\u0161eho imunitn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu rozpozn\u00e1vaj\u00ed ciz\u00ed od vlastn\u00edho \u2013 nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed antigeny a jejich epitopy.<br \/>\nModern\u00ed imunologie je v\u011bda, do jej\u00edch\u017e poznatk\u016f p\u0159isp\u011bly dal\u0161\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00e9 obory, jako jsou molekul\u00e1rn\u00ed biologie, mikrobiologie, biochemie, biofyzika, genetika a epigenetika, patofyziologie i farmakologie aj. Do v\u00fdzkum\u016f v oblasti imunologie jsou st\u00e1le investov\u00e1ny obrovsk\u00e9 finan\u010dn\u00ed zdroje a d\u016fkazem pr\u016flomov\u00fdch objev\u016f v imunologii je cel\u00e1 \u0159ada Nobelov\u00fdch cen za posledn\u00ed desetilet\u00ed.<br \/>\nDnes neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 medic\u00ednsk\u00e1 specializace, kter\u00e1 by se neop\u00edrala o znalosti funkc\u00ed imunitn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu. Ka\u017ed\u00fd laik dnes tak\u00e9 v\u00ed, \u017ee kdy\u017e imunita nefunguje, dostavuje se \u010dast\u00e1 nemocnost, zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 \u00fanava, chronick\u00e9 pot\u00ed\u017ee, r\u016fzn\u00e9 ko\u017en\u00ed projevy, ale i stres a du\u0161evn\u00ed poruchy. Obecn\u011b v\u00edme, \u017ee pro pos\u00edlen\u00ed imunity je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd zdrav\u00fd \u017eivotn\u00ed styl, zdrav\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed, zdrav\u00e1 strava s dostatkem vitamin\u016f a miner\u00e1l\u016f, dostate\u010dn\u00fd pohyb, pravideln\u00fd sp\u00e1nek, dostatek odpo\u010dinku a otu\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed. Ale nen\u00ed to pro n\u00e1s v ka\u017edodenn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9? Dok\u00e1\u017eeme o svoji imunitu efektivn\u011b pe\u010dovat?<br \/>\nV\u011bt\u0161inou sp\u00ed\u0161 spol\u00e9h\u00e1me na modern\u00ed l\u00e9ky a douf\u00e1me, \u017ee n\u00e1s vyl\u00e9\u010d\u00ed z\u00a0d\u016fsledk\u016f na\u0161ich chyb. Tak\u00e9 spol\u00e9h\u00e1me na to, \u017ee ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed obranyschopnosti organismu p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 aktivn\u00ed imunizace v\u00a0podob\u011b o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed, a to jak u d\u011bt\u00ed, tak u dosp\u011bl\u00fdch a senior\u016f.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Jak n\u00e1\u0161 imunitn\u00ed syst\u00e9m vypad\u00e1?<\/strong><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong>Jde o komplexn\u00ed syst\u00e9m org\u00e1n\u016f, bun\u011bk a molekul, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed schopnost rozpozn\u00e1vat a likvidovat ciz\u00ed i vlastn\u00ed potenci\u00e1ln\u011b \u0161kodliv\u00e9 struktury. Imunokompetentn\u00ed bu\u0148ky vznikaj\u00ed ze spole\u010dn\u00e9 kmenov\u00e9 bu\u0148ky v kostn\u00ed d\u0159eni. Z\u00e1sadn\u00ed bu\u0148ky imunitn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed B lymfocyty, kter\u00e9 vznikaj\u00ed a proch\u00e1zej\u00ed v\u00fdvojem v kostn\u00ed d\u0159eni a d\u00e1le v perifern\u00edch lymfatick\u00fdch org\u00e1nech, jak\u00fdmi jsou lymfatick\u00e9 uzliny, nosn\u00ed a kr\u010dn\u00ed mandle a slezina. Nen\u00ed v\u0161ak mo\u017en\u00e9 zapomenout ani na roli sliznic a poko\u017eky \u2013 tedy fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edch bari\u00e9r, kter\u00e9 mechanicky zabra\u0148uj\u00ed vstupu infekce, a nav\u00edc produkuj\u00ed \u0159adu\u00a0antimikrobi\u00e1ln\u011b\u00a0p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek.<br \/>\nHlavn\u00ed funkc\u00ed B lymfocyt\u016f je zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed tvorby \u0161irok\u00e9ho reperto\u00e1ru protil\u00e1tek.<br \/>\nPouze ve velk\u00e9m zjednodu\u0161en\u00ed si uvedeme n\u00e1zvy bun\u011bk, kter\u00e9 se pod\u00edlej\u00ed na nespecifick\u00e9 imunit\u011b a rovn\u011b\u017e vznikaj\u00ed v kostn\u00ed d\u0159eni. Do t\u00e9to tzv. myeloidn\u00ed \u0159ady pat\u0159\u00ed bu\u0148ky s vysokou schopnost\u00ed fagocyt\u00f3zy (pohlcov\u00e1n\u00ed cizorod\u00fdch pevn\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic, bakteri\u00ed \u010di zhoubn\u00fdch bun\u011bk) \u2013 makrof\u00e1gy a neutrofiln\u00ed granulocyty, \u017e\u00edrn\u00e9 bu\u0148ky a dal\u0161\u00ed.<br \/>\nV sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b je velk\u00e1 pozornost badatel\u016f v\u011bnov\u00e1na v\u00fdzkumu dendritick\u00fdch bun\u011bk, kter\u00e9 jsou na za\u010d\u00e1tku v\u0161ech reakc\u00ed, je\u017e vedou k rozvoji obrann\u00e9ho \u010di po\u0161kozuj\u00edc\u00edho z\u00e1n\u011btu. P\u0159i pr\u016fb\u011bhu z\u00e1n\u011btu m\u00e1 d\u016fle\u017eitou roli velice slo\u017eit\u00fd soubor s\u00e9rov\u00fdch b\u00edlkovin naz\u00fdvan\u00fd komplement. Ten reguluje i spolupr\u00e1ci dal\u0161\u00edch slo\u017eek imunitn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu p\u0159i odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdch ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00edch bun\u011bk.<br \/>\nB lymfocyty spolupracuj\u00ed s T lymfocyty, kter\u00e9 proch\u00e1zej\u00ed sv\u00fdm zr\u00e1n\u00edm a diferenciac\u00ed v\u00a0brzl\u00edku (thymus) a zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1vaj\u00ed specifickou protil\u00e1tkovou imunitu. Rozli\u0161ujeme tedy nespecifickou (p\u0159irozenou) a specifickou (adaptivn\u00ed) imunitu.<br \/>\n<strong>Zat\u00edmco nespecifick\u00e1 imunita<\/strong> zaznamen\u00e1 ciz\u00ed materi\u00e1l a nastartuje rychl\u00e9 obrann\u00e9 d\u011bje (p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e nevad\u00ed, \u017ee se organismus s danou l\u00e1tkou nikdy p\u0159edt\u00edm nesetkal), specifick\u00e1 imunita reaguje se zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00edm. M\u00e1\u00a0<strong>imunologickou pam\u011b\u0165\u00a0<\/strong>a mezi antigeny rozli\u0161uje jednotliv\u00e9 z nich.<br \/>\nP\u0159irozen\u00e1 imunita zpravidla p\u0159edch\u00e1z\u00ed odpov\u011bdi adaptivn\u00ed imunity a posta\u010duje ke zvl\u00e1dnut\u00ed po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed rychl\u00e9 f\u00e1ze infekce. Velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 sign\u00e1ln\u00ed l\u00e1tky, kter\u00e9 v lidsk\u00e9m t\u011ble zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1vaj\u00ed komunikaci\u00a0mezi bu\u0148kami specifick\u00e9 a nespecifick\u00e9 imunity, jsou cytokiny, kter\u00e9 d\u011bl\u00edme do podskupin ozna\u010dovan\u00fdch jako interleukiny, chemokiny a interferony.<br \/>\nLymfocyty a protil\u00e1tky se dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm krve a lymfy do v\u0161ech tk\u00e1n\u00ed v organismu a rozpozn\u00e1vaj\u00ed vlastn\u00ed od ciz\u00edho. Vylou\u010d\u00ed ciz\u00ed mikroorganizmy, ale i n\u00e1dorov\u00e9, po\u0161kozen\u00e9 a opot\u0159ebovan\u00e9 bu\u0148ky&#8230;<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Cel\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek si p\u0159e\u010dtete v b\u0159eznov\u00e9 Medu\u0148ce.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>T\u00e9ma b\u0159eznov\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edsla je v\u011bnov\u00e1no IMUNIT\u011a, kter\u00e1 je skute\u010dn\u011b z\u00e1kladem zdrav\u00ed. Nab\u00edz\u00edme uk\u00e1zku z \u010dl\u00e1nku na\u0161\u00ed autorky, badatelky a publicistky Prof. RNDr. Anny Struneck\u00e9, DrSc. P\u0159irozen\u00e1 ochrana Ve sv\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku se pokus\u00edm o stru\u010dn\u00e9 vysv\u011btlen\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edch pojm\u016f a proces\u016f, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eitou roli p\u0159i fungov\u00e1n\u00ed imunity a zp\u016fsob\u016f, jak m\u016f\u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk o svoji imunitu pe\u010dovat.Oblast imunologie prod\u011blala za posledn\u00edch 40 let takov\u00fd rozvoj, jak\u00fd m\u016f\u017eeme porovnat snad jen s rozvojem modern\u00ed v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed technologie. Kdy\u017e jsem na po\u010d\u00e1tku 80. let minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed jako vedouc\u00ed katedry fyziologie a v\u00fdvojov\u00e9 biologie na p\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdeck\u00e9 fakult\u011b UK zav\u00e1d\u011bla v\u00fduku imunologie, odborn\u00edci u\u010dili na\u0161e studenty p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm mechanismy, kde a jak lidsk\u00e9 t\u011blo vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed protil\u00e1tky k\u00a0obran\u011b proti antigen\u016fm. V praxi se t\u011bmito antigeny mysl\u00ed zejm\u00e9na bu\u0148ky patogenn\u00edch organism\u016f, bakterie, viry \u010di t\u0159eba n\u00e1dorov\u00e9 bu\u0148ky. Imunita spou\u0161t\u00ed imunitn\u00ed odpov\u011b\u010f a vyzna\u010duje se j\u00ed nejen \u010dlov\u011bk, ale do jist\u00e9 m\u00edry i ostatn\u00ed \u017eivo\u010dichov\u00e9. U \u010dlov\u011bka je v\u0161ak nejrozvinut\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a zaji\u0161\u0165uje ji tzv.\u00a0imunitn\u00ed syst\u00e9m. Pochopen\u00ed mechanism\u016f tvorby protil\u00e1tek je pro laika srovnateln\u00e9 s pochopen\u00edm princip\u016f programov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se n\u00e1s odborn\u00edci sna\u017eili nau\u010dit proto, abychom dok\u00e1zali pou\u017e\u00edvat po\u010d\u00edta\u010de. Pro na\u0161e pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f a ve\u0161ker\u00e9 informa\u010dn\u00ed technologie v ka\u017edodenn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b nemus\u00edme v\u0161ak um\u011bt programovat. Proto ani b\u011b\u017en\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk nemus\u00ed zn\u00e1t slo\u017eit\u00e9 mechanismy, jak\u00fdmi bu\u0148ky na\u0161eho imunitn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu rozpozn\u00e1vaj\u00ed ciz\u00ed od vlastn\u00edho \u2013 nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed antigeny a jejich epitopy. Modern\u00ed imunologie je v\u011bda, do jej\u00edch\u017e poznatk\u016f p\u0159isp\u011bly dal\u0161\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00e9 obory, jako jsou molekul\u00e1rn\u00ed biologie, mikrobiologie, biochemie, biofyzika, genetika a epigenetika, patofyziologie i farmakologie aj. Do v\u00fdzkum\u016f v oblasti imunologie jsou st\u00e1le investov\u00e1ny obrovsk\u00e9 finan\u010dn\u00ed zdroje a d\u016fkazem pr\u016flomov\u00fdch objev\u016f v imunologii je cel\u00e1 \u0159ada Nobelov\u00fdch cen za posledn\u00ed desetilet\u00ed. Dnes neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 medic\u00ednsk\u00e1 specializace, kter\u00e1 by se neop\u00edrala o znalosti funkc\u00ed imunitn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu. Ka\u017ed\u00fd laik dnes tak\u00e9 v\u00ed, \u017ee kdy\u017e imunita nefunguje, dostavuje se \u010dast\u00e1 nemocnost, zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 \u00fanava, chronick\u00e9 pot\u00ed\u017ee, r\u016fzn\u00e9 ko\u017en\u00ed projevy, ale i stres a du\u0161evn\u00ed poruchy. Obecn\u011b v\u00edme, \u017ee pro pos\u00edlen\u00ed imunity je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd zdrav\u00fd \u017eivotn\u00ed styl, zdrav\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed, zdrav\u00e1 strava s dostatkem vitamin\u016f a miner\u00e1l\u016f, dostate\u010dn\u00fd pohyb, pravideln\u00fd sp\u00e1nek, dostatek odpo\u010dinku a otu\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed. Ale nen\u00ed to pro n\u00e1s v ka\u017edodenn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9? Dok\u00e1\u017eeme o svoji imunitu efektivn\u011b pe\u010dovat? V\u011bt\u0161inou sp\u00ed\u0161 spol\u00e9h\u00e1me na modern\u00ed l\u00e9ky a douf\u00e1me, \u017ee n\u00e1s vyl\u00e9\u010d\u00ed z\u00a0d\u016fsledk\u016f na\u0161ich chyb. Tak\u00e9 spol\u00e9h\u00e1me na to, \u017ee ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed obranyschopnosti organismu p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 aktivn\u00ed imunizace v\u00a0podob\u011b o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed, a to jak u d\u011bt\u00ed, tak u dosp\u011bl\u00fdch a senior\u016f. Jak n\u00e1\u0161 imunitn\u00ed syst\u00e9m vypad\u00e1? Jde o komplexn\u00ed syst\u00e9m org\u00e1n\u016f, bun\u011bk a molekul, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed schopnost rozpozn\u00e1vat a likvidovat ciz\u00ed i vlastn\u00ed potenci\u00e1ln\u011b \u0161kodliv\u00e9 struktury. Imunokompetentn\u00ed bu\u0148ky vznikaj\u00ed ze spole\u010dn\u00e9 kmenov\u00e9 bu\u0148ky v kostn\u00ed d\u0159eni. Z\u00e1sadn\u00ed bu\u0148ky imunitn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed B lymfocyty, kter\u00e9 vznikaj\u00ed a proch\u00e1zej\u00ed v\u00fdvojem v kostn\u00ed d\u0159eni a d\u00e1le v perifern\u00edch lymfatick\u00fdch org\u00e1nech, jak\u00fdmi jsou lymfatick\u00e9 uzliny, nosn\u00ed a kr\u010dn\u00ed mandle a slezina. Nen\u00ed v\u0161ak mo\u017en\u00e9 zapomenout ani na roli sliznic a poko\u017eky \u2013 tedy fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edch bari\u00e9r, kter\u00e9 mechanicky zabra\u0148uj\u00ed vstupu infekce, a nav\u00edc produkuj\u00ed \u0159adu\u00a0antimikrobi\u00e1ln\u011b\u00a0p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek. Hlavn\u00ed funkc\u00ed B lymfocyt\u016f je zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed tvorby \u0161irok\u00e9ho reperto\u00e1ru protil\u00e1tek. Pouze ve velk\u00e9m zjednodu\u0161en\u00ed si uvedeme n\u00e1zvy bun\u011bk, kter\u00e9 se pod\u00edlej\u00ed na nespecifick\u00e9 imunit\u011b a rovn\u011b\u017e vznikaj\u00ed v kostn\u00ed d\u0159eni. Do t\u00e9to tzv. myeloidn\u00ed \u0159ady pat\u0159\u00ed bu\u0148ky s vysokou schopnost\u00ed fagocyt\u00f3zy (pohlcov\u00e1n\u00ed cizorod\u00fdch pevn\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic, bakteri\u00ed \u010di zhoubn\u00fdch bun\u011bk) \u2013 makrof\u00e1gy a neutrofiln\u00ed granulocyty, \u017e\u00edrn\u00e9 bu\u0148ky a dal\u0161\u00ed. V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b je velk\u00e1 pozornost badatel\u016f v\u011bnov\u00e1na v\u00fdzkumu dendritick\u00fdch bun\u011bk, kter\u00e9 jsou na za\u010d\u00e1tku v\u0161ech reakc\u00ed, je\u017e vedou k rozvoji obrann\u00e9ho \u010di po\u0161kozuj\u00edc\u00edho z\u00e1n\u011btu. P\u0159i pr\u016fb\u011bhu z\u00e1n\u011btu m\u00e1 d\u016fle\u017eitou roli velice slo\u017eit\u00fd soubor s\u00e9rov\u00fdch b\u00edlkovin naz\u00fdvan\u00fd komplement. Ten reguluje i spolupr\u00e1ci dal\u0161\u00edch slo\u017eek imunitn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu p\u0159i odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdch ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00edch bun\u011bk. B lymfocyty spolupracuj\u00ed s T lymfocyty, kter\u00e9 proch\u00e1zej\u00ed sv\u00fdm zr\u00e1n\u00edm a diferenciac\u00ed v\u00a0brzl\u00edku (thymus) a zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1vaj\u00ed specifickou protil\u00e1tkovou imunitu. Rozli\u0161ujeme tedy nespecifickou (p\u0159irozenou) a specifickou (adaptivn\u00ed) imunitu. Zat\u00edmco nespecifick\u00e1 imunita zaznamen\u00e1 ciz\u00ed materi\u00e1l a nastartuje rychl\u00e9 obrann\u00e9 d\u011bje (p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e nevad\u00ed, \u017ee se organismus s danou l\u00e1tkou nikdy p\u0159edt\u00edm nesetkal), specifick\u00e1 imunita reaguje se zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00edm. M\u00e1\u00a0imunologickou pam\u011b\u0165\u00a0a mezi antigeny rozli\u0161uje jednotliv\u00e9 z nich. P\u0159irozen\u00e1 imunita zpravidla p\u0159edch\u00e1z\u00ed odpov\u011bdi adaptivn\u00ed imunity a posta\u010duje ke zvl\u00e1dnut\u00ed po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed rychl\u00e9 f\u00e1ze infekce. Velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 sign\u00e1ln\u00ed l\u00e1tky, kter\u00e9 v lidsk\u00e9m t\u011ble zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1vaj\u00ed komunikaci\u00a0mezi bu\u0148kami specifick\u00e9 a nespecifick\u00e9 imunity, jsou cytokiny, kter\u00e9 d\u011bl\u00edme do podskupin ozna\u010dovan\u00fdch jako interleukiny, chemokiny a interferony. Lymfocyty a protil\u00e1tky se dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm krve a lymfy do v\u0161ech tk\u00e1n\u00ed v organismu a rozpozn\u00e1vaj\u00ed vlastn\u00ed od ciz\u00edho. Vylou\u010d\u00ed ciz\u00ed mikroorganizmy, ale i n\u00e1dorov\u00e9, po\u0161kozen\u00e9 a opot\u0159ebovan\u00e9 bu\u0148ky&#8230; Cel\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek si p\u0159e\u010dtete v b\u0159eznov\u00e9 Medu\u0148ce. &nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":677,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-723","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-medunka"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mojemedunka.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/723","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mojemedunka.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mojemedunka.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mojemedunka.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mojemedunka.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=723"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.mojemedunka.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/723\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":726,"href":"https:\/\/www.mojemedunka.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/723\/revisions\/726"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mojemedunka.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/677"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mojemedunka.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=723"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mojemedunka.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=723"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mojemedunka.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=723"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}