{"id":3064,"date":"2023-10-27T06:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-10-27T06:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mojemedunka.cz\/?p=3064"},"modified":"2023-10-19T17:44:54","modified_gmt":"2023-10-19T17:44:54","slug":"malo-znama-kurkuma","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mojemedunka.cz\/index.php\/2023\/10\/27\/malo-znama-kurkuma\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00e1 rostlina: kurkuma"},"content":{"rendered":"

Kdy\u017e \u010dteme neradostn\u00e1 \u010d\u00edsla o n\u00e1r\u016fstu po\u010dtu osob s r\u016fzn\u00fdmi typy demence nebo Alzheimerovy choroby, za\u010dne ka\u017ed\u00fd z n\u00e1s nejsp\u00ed\u0161 uva\u017eovat o tom, jak p\u0159isp\u011bt k tomu, abychom n\u011bkdy v budoucnu do t\u011bchto neradostn\u00fdch statistik tak\u00e9 nepat\u0159ili. Na\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed jeden velmi \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd prost\u0159edek m\u00e1me po ruce, nav\u00edc je cenov\u011b dostupn\u00fd  a nen\u00ed to chemick\u00fd l\u00e9k<\/strong>. Je to … rostlina jm\u00e9nem KURKUMA<\/strong>. \u010cl\u00e1nek o n\u00ed napsal p\u0159ed \u010dasem odborn\u00edk na slovo vzat\u00fd, <\/strong>dlouholet\u00fd spolupracovn\u00edk Medu\u0148ky, p\u0159edn\u00ed \u010desk\u00fd botanik a agronom, zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fd na u\u017eitkov\u00e9 rostliny trop\u016f a subtrop\u016f, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b na asijsk\u00e9 l\u00e9\u010div\u00e9 rostliny, autor mnoha odborn\u00fdch knih, prof. Pavel Val\u00ed\u010dek, kter\u00fd bohu\u017eel ned\u00e1vno zem\u0159el.  <\/strong><\/p>\n

Kurkuma – u n\u00e1s nep\u0159\u00edli\u0161 zn\u00e1m\u00e1 rostlina
\n<\/strong>V rostlinn\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161i zauj\u00edmaj\u00ed velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 m\u00edsto z\u00e1zvorovit\u00e9 rostliny,<\/strong> a to nejen po\u010dtem druh\u016f, ale p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm jako cenn\u00e1 ko\u0159en\u00ed a l\u00e9\u010div\u00e9 rostliny. Mezi ty, u kter\u00fdch se vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 oddenek, pat\u0159\u00ed velmi rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 rody z\u00e1zvor, Zingiber<\/em>, kurkuma, Curcuma <\/em>(asi 60 druh\u016f), ale tak\u00e9 u n\u00e1s m\u00e1lo zn\u00e1m\u00fd galg\u00e1n l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fd, Alpinia galanga<\/em>. Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 v\u0161ak jsou i dal\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1zvorovit\u00e9, u nich\u017e se u\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed ke stejn\u00fdm \u00fa\u010del\u016fm plody, respektive semena. V t\u011bchto p\u0159\u00edpadech jde o druhy rodu amom, (Amomum<\/em>), a aframom, (Aframomum<\/em>). Nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je kardamom prav\u00fd, Elletaria cardamomum<\/em>, jeho\u017e obliba jako\u017eto ko\u0159en\u00ed v posledn\u00edm obdob\u00edm stoup\u00e1 i u n\u00e1s.
\nV tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku se zam\u011b\u0159\u00edme na kurkumu<\/strong>, kter\u00e1 je stejn\u011b cenn\u00e1 jako \u010derstv\u00fd z\u00e1zvor, ale na na\u0161em trhu prakticky chyb\u00ed. M\u016f\u017eeme si ji koupit pouze ve specializovan\u00fdch obchodech v pr\u00e1\u0161ku nebo nav\u0161t\u00edvit n\u011bkterou z velk\u00fdch vietnamsk\u00fdch tr\u017enic, kde je \u010derstv\u00e1 kurkuma b\u011b\u017en\u011b k dost\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

P\u016fvod a roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed
\n<\/strong>V ajurv\u00e9d\u011b a v \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 tradi\u010dn\u00ed medic\u00edn\u011b se kurkuma u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 u\u017e v\u00edce ne\u017e  4000 let.<\/strong> Do Evropy se dostala u\u017e ve starov\u011bku d\u00edky arabsk\u00fdm obchodn\u00edk\u016fm. Zmi\u0148oval se o n\u00ed u\u017e Dioskorides
\n(1. stol. n. l.), ob\u0161\u00edrn\u011b o n\u00ed p\u00ed\u0161e i Matthioli (1501-1577) ve sv\u00e9m Herb\u00e1\u0159i<\/em>.
\nPoch\u00e1z\u00ed z ji\u017en\u00ed a jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asie, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b Indie a Vietnamu, kde je tak\u00e9 zn\u00e1ma jako \u201e\u017elut\u00fd z\u00e1zvor\u201c nebo \u201eindick\u00fd \u0161afr\u00e1n\u201c. P\u011bstuje se hlavn\u011b v Indii, ale tak\u00e9 \u010c\u00edn\u011b, Vietnamu, Banglad\u00e9\u0161i, P\u00e1kist\u00e1nu na Sr\u00ed Lance, Tchaj-wanu, v Barm\u011b a v Indon\u00e9sii, ale rovn\u011b\u017e v Ji\u017en\u00ed Americe (Peru) a v karibsk\u00e9 oblasti (nap\u0159. Jamajka, Haiti) aj.<\/p>\n

Botanick\u00e1 charakteristika
\n<\/strong>Nejroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je kurkuma dlouh\u00e1, Curcuma longa<\/em> (syn. C. domestica<\/em>), vytrval\u00e1 bylina z \u010deledi z\u00e1zvorovit\u00fdch, Zingiberaceae<\/em>. M\u00e1 hl\u00edznat\u011b zdu\u0159el\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nkovan\u00fd oddenek, z n\u011bho\u017e vyr\u016fstaj\u00ed jednak listy, ale i ko\u0159eny, kter\u00e9 jsou \u010dasto na konc\u00edch ztloustl\u00e9. Listy jsou dlouze \u0159ap\u00edkat\u00e9, \u0161iroce kopinat\u00e9 a a\u017e 50 cm dlouh\u00e9, p\u0159ed rozvinut\u00edm kornoutovit\u011b svinut\u00e9. Mezi nimi vyr\u016fst\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd, asi 15 cm vysok\u00fd stvol, zakon\u010den\u00fd hust\u00fdm klasem bled\u011b \u017elut\u00fdch kv\u011bt\u016f. Plod je trojpouzdr\u00e1 mnohosemenn\u00e1 tobolka, kter\u00e1 se v dob\u011b zralosti otev\u00edr\u00e1 t\u0159emi chlopn\u011bmi, semena jsou s m\u00ed\u0161kem.
\nZ jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asie poch\u00e1zej\u00ed i dal\u0161\u00ed druhy, nap\u0159. kurkuma citv\u00e1rov\u00e1, Curcuma zedoaria<\/em>, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 siln\u00e9, masit\u00e9 a aromatick\u00e9 oddenky s kafrovitou v\u016fn\u00ed, pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 hlavn\u011b v \u010c\u00edn\u011b. Vyu\u017eit\u00ed m\u00e1 jak v lidov\u00e9 medic\u00edn\u011b, nebo\u0165 posiluje \u017ealudek a srdce, zastavuje koliku a pr\u016fjem, odvrac\u00ed ka\u0161el, tak i p\u0159i v\u00fdrob\u011b lik\u00e9r\u016f. Na trhu se zpravidla objevuje rozkr\u00e1jen\u00e1 na kotou\u010dky a usu\u0161en\u00e1 s n\u00e1zvem \u201ecitv\u00e1r\u201c. Kurkuma \u017elutoko\u0159enn\u00e1, tzv. javansk\u00e1 kurkuma, Curcuma xanthorrhiza<\/em>, obsahuje a\u017e 8 % silice a 1-2 % curcuminu, m\u00e1 daleko vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed farmakodynamick\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinek a slou\u017e\u00ed mimo jin\u00e9 k l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed \u017elu\u010dn\u00edku a jater. Kurkuma \u00fazkolist\u00e1, Curcuma angustifolia<\/em>, se p\u011bstuje hlavn\u011b na malabarsk\u00e9m pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Indie. Jej\u00ed oddenky se rozem\u00edlaj\u00ed na jemnou \u0161krobovou mou\u010dku zvanou tikhur nebo \u201ev\u00fdchodoindick\u00fd arrow-root\u201c, kter\u00e1 se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 podobn\u011b jako surovina z manioku.<\/p>\n

Obsahov\u00e9 l\u00e1tky
\n<\/strong>Oddenek (Curcumae longae rhizoma) obsahuje 1,5-5 % silice, kter\u00e1 se vyzna\u010duje charakteristickou v\u016fn\u00ed i chut\u00ed a jej\u00edmi\u017e hlavn\u00edmi slo\u017ekami jsou seskviterpeny turmeron, dehydroturmeron i ar-turmeron (50-80 %) a tak\u00e9 zingiberen (a\u017e 25 %). Je v\u0161ak p\u0159\u00edtomen i \u03b1 a \u03b2-pinen, camphen, limonen, borneol, sabinen, felandren, eugenol, cineol aj. D\u00e1le obsahuj\u00ed 6-10 % olejoprysky\u0159ice, jej\u00ed\u017e hlavn\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed je curcumin (0,6 %), kter\u00fd d\u00e1v\u00e1 kurkum\u011b charakteristickou \u017elutavou barvu. Ve vod\u011b je t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nerozpustn\u00fd, dob\u0159e se v\u0161ak rozpou\u0161t\u00ed v tuc\u00edch a etanolu, nav\u00edc se v\u0161ak jeho barva m\u011bn\u00ed v z\u00e1vislosti na zm\u011bn\u011b pH prost\u0159ed\u00ed. D\u00e1le je p\u0159\u00edtomen p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fd demethoxycurcumin a bisdemethoxycurcumin. V\u011bt\u0161inu oddenku potom tvo\u0159\u00ed polysacharidy.
\nOddenky kurkumy citv\u00e1rov\u00e9 (Curcumae zedoariae rhizoma) maj\u00ed pon\u011bkud odli\u0161n\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00ed. A\u017e 10 % tvo\u0159\u00ed silice, z toho 10 % zingiberen, 4 % camphen a 10 % pinen, ale i borneol, cineol aj. D\u00e1le je p\u0159\u00edtomno asi 4 % prysky\u0159ice a 50 % \u0161krobu.<\/p>\n

L\u00e9\u010debn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky
\n<\/strong>Z hlediska tradi\u010dn\u00ed \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 medic\u00edny m\u00e1 droga (yujin) povahu teplou, chu\u0165 pal\u010divou, ho\u0159kou a tropismus k dr\u00e1ze jater a sleziny. Podporuje ob\u011bh qi, rozpou\u0161t\u00ed krevn\u00ed st\u00e1ze, zpr\u016fchod\u0148uje dr\u00e1hy, zastavuje bolesti, sni\u017euje hladinu tuku v krvi. Neu\u017e\u00edvat p\u0159i pr\u00e1zdnot\u011b krve a krevn\u00edch st\u00e1z\u00edch bez p\u0159\u00edtomnosti stagnace qi, ale tak\u00e9 v t\u011bhotenstv\u00ed.
\nL\u00e9\u010div\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky maj\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm curcuminoidy, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b curcumim, kter\u00fd p\u016fsob\u00ed proti v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b civiliza\u010dn\u00edch chorob. Chr\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ed voln\u00fdmi radik\u00e1ly, je siln\u00fd antioxidant, mnohem v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e vitamin C a E. M\u00e1 antivirov\u00e9, antibakteri\u00e1ln\u00ed a antifungicidn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky. L\u00e9\u010d\u00ed za\u017e\u00edvac\u00ed soustavu, nebo\u0165 potla\u010duje diabetes 2. typu, chr\u00e1n\u00ed j\u00e1tra proti po\u0161kozen\u00ed, zvy\u0161uje vylu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed \u017elu\u010di. Omezuje z\u00e1n\u011bty a k\u0159e\u010de \u017elu\u010dn\u00edku, proto je kurkuma vhodn\u00e1 k u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159i \u017elu\u010dov\u00fdch kam\u00e9nc\u00edch a z\u00e1n\u011btech. D\u00e1le sni\u017euje hladinu krevn\u00edho cukru a cholesterolu v t\u011ble, p\u016fsob\u00ed na revmatoidn\u00ed artritidu.
\nZlep\u0161uje chu\u0165 k j\u00eddlu i tr\u00e1ven\u00ed, podporuje enzymatickou \u010dinnost pankreatu a omezuje hnilobn\u00e9 procesy v za\u017e\u00edvac\u00edm traktu, m\u00e1 protiz\u00e1n\u011btliv\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky, p\u016fsob\u00ed proti parazit\u016fm. U\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se p\u0159i bolestech b\u0159icha a nad\u00fdm\u00e1n\u00ed, kolik\u00e1ch, bolestech v krku a bolestech zub\u016f, ale tak\u00e9 poruch\u00e1ch menstruace. L\u00e9\u010d\u00ed z\u00e1n\u011bty st\u0159ev, jako je ulcer\u00f3zn\u00ed kolitida nebo Crohnova choroba. Likviduje bakterii Helicobacter pylori<\/em>, kter\u00e1 je hlavn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou v\u0159edov\u00e9 choroby \u017ealudku a z\u00e1rove\u0148 se pod\u00edl\u00ed na vzniku rakoviny tohoto org\u00e1nu.
\nBr\u00e1n\u00ed shlukov\u00e1n\u00ed krevn\u00edch desti\u010dek, \u010d\u00edm\u017e zlep\u0161uje krevn\u00ed ob\u011bh a p\u016fsob\u00ed proti vzniku ateroskler\u00f3zy, zlep\u0161uje stav lup\u00e9nky. Br\u00e1n\u00ed tvorb\u011b \u017elu\u010dov\u00fdch kamen\u016f a jatern\u00edm nemocem. U n\u00e1s je nap\u0159\u00edklad sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpravku Cholagol.
\nZlep\u0161uje rovn\u011b\u017e mozkovou \u010dinnost, omezuje rozvoj Alzheimerovy choroby.<\/strong> P\u0159i n\u00ed\u017e se toti\u017e v mozku tvo\u0159\u00ed tzv. seniln\u00ed plaky, co\u017e je beztvar\u00e1 hmota, jejich\u017e hlavn\u00ed slo\u017ekou jsou shluky molekul peptidu \u03b2-amyloidu. \u00da\u010dinnou l\u00e1tkou, kter\u00e1 b\u00edl\u00fdm krvink\u00e1m pom\u00e1h\u00e1 tyto amyloidn\u00ed plaky likvidovat, je bisdemethoxycurcumin<\/strong>. Existuje tak\u00e9 n\u011bkolik set publikac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 potvrzuj\u00ed protin\u00e1dorov\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00ed a\u017e u 75 % karcinom\u016f. Curcumim toti\u017e vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1 malign\u00ed n\u00e1dorov\u00e9 bu\u0148ky, kter\u00e9 likviduje, ale vyh\u00fdb\u00e1 se bu\u0148k\u00e1m zdrav\u00fdm. Jde hlavn\u011b o rakovinu tlust\u00e9ho st\u0159eva, slinivky b\u0159i\u0161n\u00ed a prostaty, u melanomu se u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 mast p\u0159ipraven\u00e1 z \u010derstv\u00e9 kurkumy. Zevn\u011b se kurkuma aplikuje na hnisav\u00e9 z\u00e1n\u011bty spojivek, nehoj\u00edc\u00ed se v\u0159edy, li\u0161ej a r\u016fzn\u00e1 poran\u011bn\u00ed, nebo\u0165 m\u00e1 v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 dezinfek\u010dn\u00ed schopnosti.
\nDoporu\u010den\u00e1 denn\u00ed d\u00e1vka je 8-10 g \u010derstv\u00e9, nebo 1,5-3 g such\u00e9 drogy, kter\u00e1 se aplikuje jako n\u00e1lev nebo odvar, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b se p\u0159ipravuje tinktura. Zevn\u011b se u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pr\u00e1\u0161ek ze su\u0161en\u00e9 drogy, a to bu\u010f p\u0159\u00edmo jako z\u00e1syp nebo ve form\u011b masti, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b obkladu. K zes\u00edlen\u00ed jejich \u00fa\u010dink\u016f se kurkuma kombinuje p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm s capsaicinem, obsa\u017een\u00fdm v p\u00e1liv\u00e9 paprice. Kurkuma by se nem\u011bla u\u017e\u00edvat, jak ji\u017e bylo uvedeno, p\u0159i t\u011bhotenstv\u00ed, ale rovn\u011b\u017e p\u0159i hepatitid\u011b, ve vysok\u00fdch d\u00e1vk\u00e1ch potom m\u016f\u017ee p\u016fsobit poruchy tr\u00e1ven\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Kurkuma v kuchyni
\n<\/strong>Oddenky kurkumy se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jako ko\u0159en\u00ed k p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b ostr\u00fdch om\u00e1\u010dek, ho\u0159\u010dice, jsou jednou z hlavn\u00edch sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed kari ko\u0159en\u00ed, worcesterov\u00fdch om\u00e1\u010dek a \u0159ady dal\u0161\u00edch ko\u0159en\u00edc\u00edch sm\u011bs\u00ed. D\u00edky obsa\u017een\u00e9mu barvivu, kter\u00e9 je rozpustn\u00e9 v tuc\u00edch a etanolu a je zcela ne\u0161kodn\u00e9, se kurkuma pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k barven\u00ed m\u00e1sla, s\u00fdr\u016f, ho\u0159\u010dice i dal\u0161\u00edch potravin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch v\u00fdrobk\u016f a lik\u00e9r\u016f. Jako ko\u0159en\u00ed je kurkuma nejv\u00edce obl\u00edbena v Anglii a USA, kde se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 do majon\u00e9z, pomaz\u00e1nek a ryb\u00edch sal\u00e1t\u016f, ale tak\u00e9 p\u0159i grilov\u00e1n\u00ed dr\u016fbe\u017ee i vep\u0159ov\u00e9ho masa. Specifick\u00e9 postaven\u00ed m\u00e1 potom kurkuma v indick\u00e9 kuchyni.
\nNa trhu jsou oddenky dvoj\u00edho tvaru, kulovit\u00e9 a\u017e vej\u010dit\u00e9, velikosti vla\u0161sk\u00e9ho o\u0159echu jsou zn\u00e1my jako tzv. matky a slou\u017e\u00ed hlavn\u011b k dal\u0161\u00edmu rozmno\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed. Postrann\u00ed v\u00e1lcovit\u00e9 oddenky, tzv. prsty se vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jako ko\u0159en\u00ed nebo k l\u00e9\u010debn\u00fdm \u00fa\u010del\u016fm. Kurkuma se prod\u00e1v\u00e1 v \u010derstv\u00e9m stavu nebo su\u0161en\u00e1, v druh\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b se oddenky nejd\u0159\u00edve spa\u0159uj\u00ed, loupou a potom su\u0161\u00ed. Na trh p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00ed cel\u00e9 nebo rozemlet\u00e9 na pr\u00e1\u0161ek.<\/p>\n

                                                                          prof. Ing. Pavel Val\u00ed\u010dek, DrSc.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kdy\u017e \u010dteme neradostn\u00e1 \u010d\u00edsla o n\u00e1r\u016fstu po\u010dtu osob s r\u016fzn\u00fdmi typy demence nebo Alzheimerovy choroby, za\u010dne ka\u017ed\u00fd z n\u00e1s nejsp\u00ed\u0161 uva\u017eovat o tom, jak p\u0159isp\u011bt k tomu, abychom n\u011bkdy v budoucnu do t\u011bchto neradostn\u00fdch statistik tak\u00e9 nepat\u0159ili. Na\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed jeden velmi \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd prost\u0159edek m\u00e1me po ruce, nav\u00edc je cenov\u011b dostupn\u00fd  a nen\u00ed to chemick\u00fd l\u00e9k. Je to … rostlina jm\u00e9nem KURKUMA. \u010cl\u00e1nek o n\u00ed napsal p\u0159ed \u010dasem odborn\u00edk na slovo vzat\u00fd, dlouholet\u00fd spolupracovn\u00edk Medu\u0148ky, p\u0159edn\u00ed \u010desk\u00fd botanik a agronom, zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fd na u\u017eitkov\u00e9 rostliny trop\u016f a subtrop\u016f, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b na asijsk\u00e9 l\u00e9\u010div\u00e9 rostliny, autor mnoha odborn\u00fdch knih, prof. Pavel Val\u00ed\u010dek, kter\u00fd bohu\u017eel ned\u00e1vno zem\u0159el.   Kurkuma – u n\u00e1s nep\u0159\u00edli\u0161 zn\u00e1m\u00e1 rostlina V rostlinn\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161i zauj\u00edmaj\u00ed velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 m\u00edsto z\u00e1zvorovit\u00e9 rostliny, a to nejen po\u010dtem druh\u016f, ale p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm jako cenn\u00e1 ko\u0159en\u00ed a l\u00e9\u010div\u00e9 rostliny. Mezi ty, u kter\u00fdch se vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 oddenek, pat\u0159\u00ed velmi rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 rody z\u00e1zvor, Zingiber, kurkuma, Curcuma (asi 60 druh\u016f), ale tak\u00e9 u n\u00e1s m\u00e1lo zn\u00e1m\u00fd galg\u00e1n l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fd, Alpinia galanga. Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 v\u0161ak jsou i dal\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1zvorovit\u00e9, u nich\u017e se u\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed ke stejn\u00fdm \u00fa\u010del\u016fm plody, respektive semena. V t\u011bchto p\u0159\u00edpadech jde o druhy rodu amom, (Amomum), a aframom, (Aframomum). Nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je kardamom prav\u00fd, Elletaria cardamomum, jeho\u017e obliba jako\u017eto ko\u0159en\u00ed v posledn\u00edm obdob\u00edm stoup\u00e1 i u n\u00e1s. V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku se zam\u011b\u0159\u00edme na kurkumu, kter\u00e1 je stejn\u011b cenn\u00e1 jako \u010derstv\u00fd z\u00e1zvor, ale na na\u0161em trhu prakticky chyb\u00ed. M\u016f\u017eeme si ji koupit pouze ve specializovan\u00fdch obchodech v pr\u00e1\u0161ku nebo nav\u0161t\u00edvit n\u011bkterou z velk\u00fdch vietnamsk\u00fdch tr\u017enic, kde je \u010derstv\u00e1 kurkuma b\u011b\u017en\u011b k dost\u00e1n\u00ed. P\u016fvod a roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed V ajurv\u00e9d\u011b a v \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 tradi\u010dn\u00ed medic\u00edn\u011b se kurkuma u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 u\u017e v\u00edce ne\u017e  4000 let. Do Evropy se dostala u\u017e ve starov\u011bku d\u00edky arabsk\u00fdm obchodn\u00edk\u016fm. Zmi\u0148oval se o n\u00ed u\u017e Dioskorides (1. stol. n. l.), ob\u0161\u00edrn\u011b o n\u00ed p\u00ed\u0161e i Matthioli (1501-1577) ve sv\u00e9m Herb\u00e1\u0159i. Poch\u00e1z\u00ed z ji\u017en\u00ed a jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asie, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b Indie a Vietnamu, kde je tak\u00e9 zn\u00e1ma jako \u201e\u017elut\u00fd z\u00e1zvor\u201c nebo \u201eindick\u00fd \u0161afr\u00e1n\u201c. P\u011bstuje se hlavn\u011b v Indii, ale tak\u00e9 \u010c\u00edn\u011b, Vietnamu, Banglad\u00e9\u0161i, P\u00e1kist\u00e1nu na Sr\u00ed Lance, Tchaj-wanu, v Barm\u011b a v Indon\u00e9sii, ale rovn\u011b\u017e v Ji\u017en\u00ed Americe (Peru) a v karibsk\u00e9 oblasti (nap\u0159. Jamajka, Haiti) aj. Botanick\u00e1 charakteristika Nejroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je kurkuma dlouh\u00e1, Curcuma longa (syn. C. domestica), vytrval\u00e1 bylina z \u010deledi z\u00e1zvorovit\u00fdch, Zingiberaceae. M\u00e1 hl\u00edznat\u011b zdu\u0159el\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nkovan\u00fd oddenek, z n\u011bho\u017e vyr\u016fstaj\u00ed jednak listy, ale i ko\u0159eny, kter\u00e9 jsou \u010dasto na konc\u00edch ztloustl\u00e9. Listy jsou dlouze \u0159ap\u00edkat\u00e9, \u0161iroce kopinat\u00e9 a a\u017e 50 cm dlouh\u00e9, p\u0159ed rozvinut\u00edm kornoutovit\u011b svinut\u00e9. Mezi nimi vyr\u016fst\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd, asi 15 cm vysok\u00fd stvol, zakon\u010den\u00fd hust\u00fdm klasem bled\u011b \u017elut\u00fdch kv\u011bt\u016f. Plod je trojpouzdr\u00e1 mnohosemenn\u00e1 tobolka, kter\u00e1 se v dob\u011b zralosti otev\u00edr\u00e1 t\u0159emi chlopn\u011bmi, semena jsou s m\u00ed\u0161kem. Z jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asie poch\u00e1zej\u00ed i dal\u0161\u00ed druhy, nap\u0159. kurkuma citv\u00e1rov\u00e1, Curcuma zedoaria, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 siln\u00e9, masit\u00e9 a aromatick\u00e9 oddenky s kafrovitou v\u016fn\u00ed, pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 hlavn\u011b v \u010c\u00edn\u011b. Vyu\u017eit\u00ed m\u00e1 jak v lidov\u00e9 medic\u00edn\u011b, nebo\u0165 posiluje \u017ealudek a srdce, zastavuje koliku a pr\u016fjem, odvrac\u00ed ka\u0161el, tak i p\u0159i v\u00fdrob\u011b lik\u00e9r\u016f. Na trhu se zpravidla objevuje rozkr\u00e1jen\u00e1 na kotou\u010dky a usu\u0161en\u00e1 s n\u00e1zvem \u201ecitv\u00e1r\u201c. Kurkuma \u017elutoko\u0159enn\u00e1, tzv. javansk\u00e1 kurkuma, Curcuma xanthorrhiza, obsahuje a\u017e 8 % silice a 1-2 % curcuminu, m\u00e1 daleko vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed farmakodynamick\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinek a slou\u017e\u00ed mimo jin\u00e9 k l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed \u017elu\u010dn\u00edku a jater. Kurkuma \u00fazkolist\u00e1, Curcuma angustifolia, se p\u011bstuje hlavn\u011b na malabarsk\u00e9m pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Indie. Jej\u00ed oddenky se rozem\u00edlaj\u00ed na jemnou \u0161krobovou mou\u010dku zvanou tikhur nebo \u201ev\u00fdchodoindick\u00fd arrow-root\u201c, kter\u00e1 se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 podobn\u011b jako surovina z manioku. Obsahov\u00e9 l\u00e1tky Oddenek (Curcumae longae rhizoma) obsahuje 1,5-5 % silice, kter\u00e1 se vyzna\u010duje charakteristickou v\u016fn\u00ed i chut\u00ed a jej\u00edmi\u017e hlavn\u00edmi slo\u017ekami jsou seskviterpeny turmeron, dehydroturmeron i ar-turmeron (50-80 %) a tak\u00e9 zingiberen (a\u017e 25 %). Je v\u0161ak p\u0159\u00edtomen i \u03b1 a \u03b2-pinen, camphen, limonen, borneol, sabinen, felandren, eugenol, cineol aj. D\u00e1le obsahuj\u00ed 6-10 % olejoprysky\u0159ice, jej\u00ed\u017e hlavn\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed je curcumin (0,6 %), kter\u00fd d\u00e1v\u00e1 kurkum\u011b charakteristickou \u017elutavou barvu. Ve vod\u011b je t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nerozpustn\u00fd, dob\u0159e se v\u0161ak rozpou\u0161t\u00ed v tuc\u00edch a etanolu, nav\u00edc se v\u0161ak jeho barva m\u011bn\u00ed v z\u00e1vislosti na zm\u011bn\u011b pH prost\u0159ed\u00ed. D\u00e1le je p\u0159\u00edtomen p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fd demethoxycurcumin a bisdemethoxycurcumin. V\u011bt\u0161inu oddenku potom tvo\u0159\u00ed polysacharidy. Oddenky kurkumy citv\u00e1rov\u00e9 (Curcumae zedoariae rhizoma) maj\u00ed pon\u011bkud odli\u0161n\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00ed. A\u017e 10 % tvo\u0159\u00ed silice, z toho 10 % zingiberen, 4 % camphen a 10 % pinen, ale i borneol, cineol aj. D\u00e1le je p\u0159\u00edtomno asi 4 % prysky\u0159ice a 50 % \u0161krobu. L\u00e9\u010debn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky Z hlediska tradi\u010dn\u00ed \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 medic\u00edny m\u00e1 droga (yujin) povahu teplou, chu\u0165 pal\u010divou, ho\u0159kou a tropismus k dr\u00e1ze jater a sleziny. Podporuje ob\u011bh qi, rozpou\u0161t\u00ed krevn\u00ed st\u00e1ze, zpr\u016fchod\u0148uje dr\u00e1hy, zastavuje bolesti, sni\u017euje hladinu tuku v krvi. Neu\u017e\u00edvat p\u0159i pr\u00e1zdnot\u011b krve a krevn\u00edch st\u00e1z\u00edch bez p\u0159\u00edtomnosti stagnace qi, ale tak\u00e9 v t\u011bhotenstv\u00ed. L\u00e9\u010div\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky maj\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm curcuminoidy, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b curcumim, kter\u00fd p\u016fsob\u00ed proti v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b civiliza\u010dn\u00edch chorob. Chr\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ed voln\u00fdmi radik\u00e1ly, je siln\u00fd antioxidant, mnohem v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e vitamin C a E. M\u00e1 antivirov\u00e9, antibakteri\u00e1ln\u00ed a antifungicidn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky. L\u00e9\u010d\u00ed za\u017e\u00edvac\u00ed soustavu, nebo\u0165 potla\u010duje diabetes 2. typu, chr\u00e1n\u00ed j\u00e1tra proti po\u0161kozen\u00ed, zvy\u0161uje vylu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed \u017elu\u010di. Omezuje z\u00e1n\u011bty a k\u0159e\u010de \u017elu\u010dn\u00edku, proto je kurkuma vhodn\u00e1 k u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159i \u017elu\u010dov\u00fdch kam\u00e9nc\u00edch a z\u00e1n\u011btech. D\u00e1le sni\u017euje hladinu krevn\u00edho cukru a cholesterolu v t\u011ble, p\u016fsob\u00ed na revmatoidn\u00ed artritidu. Zlep\u0161uje chu\u0165 k j\u00eddlu i tr\u00e1ven\u00ed, podporuje enzymatickou \u010dinnost pankreatu a omezuje hnilobn\u00e9 procesy v za\u017e\u00edvac\u00edm traktu, m\u00e1 protiz\u00e1n\u011btliv\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky, p\u016fsob\u00ed proti parazit\u016fm. U\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se p\u0159i bolestech b\u0159icha a nad\u00fdm\u00e1n\u00ed, kolik\u00e1ch, bolestech v krku a bolestech zub\u016f, ale tak\u00e9 poruch\u00e1ch menstruace. L\u00e9\u010d\u00ed z\u00e1n\u011bty st\u0159ev, jako je ulcer\u00f3zn\u00ed kolitida nebo Crohnova choroba. Likviduje bakterii Helicobacter pylori, kter\u00e1 je hlavn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou v\u0159edov\u00e9 choroby \u017ealudku a z\u00e1rove\u0148 se pod\u00edl\u00ed na vzniku rakoviny tohoto org\u00e1nu. Br\u00e1n\u00ed shlukov\u00e1n\u00ed krevn\u00edch desti\u010dek, \u010d\u00edm\u017e zlep\u0161uje krevn\u00ed ob\u011bh a p\u016fsob\u00ed proti vzniku ateroskler\u00f3zy, zlep\u0161uje stav lup\u00e9nky. Br\u00e1n\u00ed tvorb\u011b \u017elu\u010dov\u00fdch kamen\u016f a jatern\u00edm nemocem. U n\u00e1s je nap\u0159\u00edklad sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpravku Cholagol. Zlep\u0161uje rovn\u011b\u017e mozkovou \u010dinnost, omezuje rozvoj Alzheimerovy choroby. P\u0159i n\u00ed\u017e se toti\u017e v mozku tvo\u0159\u00ed tzv. seniln\u00ed plaky, co\u017e je beztvar\u00e1 hmota, jejich\u017e hlavn\u00ed slo\u017ekou jsou shluky molekul peptidu \u03b2-amyloidu. \u00da\u010dinnou l\u00e1tkou, kter\u00e1 b\u00edl\u00fdm krvink\u00e1m pom\u00e1h\u00e1 tyto amyloidn\u00ed plaky likvidovat, je bisdemethoxycurcumin. Existuje tak\u00e9 n\u011bkolik set publikac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 potvrzuj\u00ed protin\u00e1dorov\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00ed a\u017e u 75 % karcinom\u016f. Curcumim toti\u017e vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1 malign\u00ed n\u00e1dorov\u00e9 bu\u0148ky, kter\u00e9 likviduje, ale vyh\u00fdb\u00e1 se bu\u0148k\u00e1m zdrav\u00fdm. Jde hlavn\u011b o rakovinu tlust\u00e9ho st\u0159eva, slinivky b\u0159i\u0161n\u00ed a prostaty, u melanomu se u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 mast p\u0159ipraven\u00e1 z \u010derstv\u00e9 kurkumy. Zevn\u011b se kurkuma aplikuje na hnisav\u00e9 z\u00e1n\u011bty spojivek, nehoj\u00edc\u00ed se v\u0159edy, li\u0161ej a r\u016fzn\u00e1 poran\u011bn\u00ed, nebo\u0165 m\u00e1 v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 dezinfek\u010dn\u00ed schopnosti. Doporu\u010den\u00e1 denn\u00ed d\u00e1vka je 8-10 g \u010derstv\u00e9, nebo 1,5-3 g such\u00e9 drogy, kter\u00e1 se aplikuje jako n\u00e1lev nebo odvar, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b se p\u0159ipravuje tinktura. Zevn\u011b se u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pr\u00e1\u0161ek ze su\u0161en\u00e9 drogy, a to bu\u010f p\u0159\u00edmo jako z\u00e1syp nebo ve form\u011b masti, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b obkladu. K zes\u00edlen\u00ed jejich \u00fa\u010dink\u016f se kurkuma kombinuje p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm s capsaicinem, obsa\u017een\u00fdm v p\u00e1liv\u00e9 paprice. Kurkuma by se nem\u011bla u\u017e\u00edvat, jak ji\u017e bylo uvedeno, p\u0159i t\u011bhotenstv\u00ed, ale rovn\u011b\u017e p\u0159i hepatitid\u011b, ve vysok\u00fdch d\u00e1vk\u00e1ch potom m\u016f\u017ee p\u016fsobit poruchy tr\u00e1ven\u00ed. Kurkuma v kuchyni Oddenky kurkumy se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jako ko\u0159en\u00ed k p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b ostr\u00fdch om\u00e1\u010dek, ho\u0159\u010dice, jsou jednou z hlavn\u00edch sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed kari ko\u0159en\u00ed, worcesterov\u00fdch om\u00e1\u010dek a \u0159ady dal\u0161\u00edch ko\u0159en\u00edc\u00edch sm\u011bs\u00ed. D\u00edky obsa\u017een\u00e9mu barvivu, kter\u00e9 je rozpustn\u00e9 v tuc\u00edch a etanolu a je zcela ne\u0161kodn\u00e9, se kurkuma pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k barven\u00ed m\u00e1sla, s\u00fdr\u016f, ho\u0159\u010dice i dal\u0161\u00edch potravin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch v\u00fdrobk\u016f a lik\u00e9r\u016f. Jako ko\u0159en\u00ed je kurkuma nejv\u00edce obl\u00edbena v Anglii a USA, kde se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 do majon\u00e9z, pomaz\u00e1nek a ryb\u00edch sal\u00e1t\u016f, ale tak\u00e9 p\u0159i grilov\u00e1n\u00ed dr\u016fbe\u017ee i vep\u0159ov\u00e9ho masa. Specifick\u00e9 postaven\u00ed m\u00e1 potom kurkuma v indick\u00e9 kuchyni. Na trhu jsou oddenky dvoj\u00edho tvaru, kulovit\u00e9 a\u017e vej\u010dit\u00e9, velikosti vla\u0161sk\u00e9ho o\u0159echu jsou zn\u00e1my jako tzv. matky a slou\u017e\u00ed hlavn\u011b k dal\u0161\u00edmu rozmno\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed. Postrann\u00ed v\u00e1lcovit\u00e9 oddenky, tzv. prsty se vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jako ko\u0159en\u00ed nebo k l\u00e9\u010debn\u00fdm \u00fa\u010del\u016fm. Kurkuma se prod\u00e1v\u00e1 v \u010derstv\u00e9m stavu nebo su\u0161en\u00e1, v druh\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b se oddenky nejd\u0159\u00edve spa\u0159uj\u00ed, loupou a potom su\u0161\u00ed. Na trh p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00ed cel\u00e9 nebo rozemlet\u00e9 na pr\u00e1\u0161ek.                                                                           prof. Ing. Pavel Val\u00ed\u010dek, DrSc.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3078,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[134,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3064","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ctenarska-sekce","category-medunka"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mojemedunka.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3064","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mojemedunka.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mojemedunka.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mojemedunka.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mojemedunka.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3064"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/www.mojemedunka.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3064\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8875,"href":"https:\/\/www.mojemedunka.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3064\/revisions\/8875"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mojemedunka.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3078"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mojemedunka.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3064"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mojemedunka.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3064"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mojemedunka.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3064"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}